Molecular bases of spinal muscular atrophy: the survival motor neuron gene
نویسندگان
چکیده
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The clinical manifestations include proximal symmetric weakness and progressive muscle atrophy. The identification of the SMN1 gene as determinant of SMA has opened alternative ways of studying the disease. Absence of SMN1 (either by deletion or conversion) was detected in the majority of patients and subtle mutations were described in a minority. SMN1 absence was associated with a wide spectrum of manifestations, from congenital disease to asymptomatic cases. Modifier factors, such as the number of copies of SMN2, its homologous copy present in all patients, could influence the phenotype and help to find a treatment for the disease. The SMN gene is expressed in various neuronal populations, although only motor neurons are responsible for the manifestations of the disease. The SMN protein is part of a complex with various proteins involved in the splicing reaction. This apparently essential function of all cells is critical for motor neurons, and warrants further research to elucidate the mechanisms of disease. Resum L’atròfia muscular espinal (AME) és una malaltia neuromuscular autosòmica recessiva caracteritzada per Ia degeneració i Ia pèrdua de Ies motoneurones de Ia banya anterior de Ia medul·la espinal. Les manifestacions clíniques més característiques són una debilitat proximal simètrica i una atròfia muscular progressiva. La identificació del gen SMN1 com a gen determinant de I’AME obre noves alternatives per a I’estudi de Ia malaltia. En Ia majoria dels pacients es detecta I’absència del gen SMN1 (ja sigui per deleció o per conversió), però també se n’han identificat mutacions puntuals en un petit percentatge. L’absència del gen SMN1 s’associa a un ampli espectre de manifestacions clíniques, que van des de formes congènites de Ia malaltia fins a casos asimptomàtics. Diferents factors modificadors, com el nombre de còpies del gen SMN2 – el gen homòleg present tant en controls com en malalts – poden modificar el fenotip i a Ia vegada ser útils per investigar un tractament eficaç. Tot i que el gen SMN s’expressa en diferents poblacions neuronals, només Ies motoneurones són Ies responsables de Ies manifestacions de Ia malaltia. La proteïna SMN forma part d’un complex amb altres proteïnes que participen en Ia reacció d’empalmament i aquesta funció, essencial per a totes Ies cèl·lules, sembla ser crítica per a Ies neurones motores. Cal aprofundir en I’estudi dels mecanismes que condueixen a I’atròfia muscular espinal.
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